发表的文章标准和穷人

Barbara Duka, the ex-head of Standard & Poor’s commercial mortgage-backed securities, is on trial before a Securities and Exchange Commission administrative law judge. Duka is accused of inflating the ratings of commercial mortgage-backed securities and not telling investors that she and her team had changed the way they formulated ratings for the securities in 2011.

SEC辩称,在信用评级机构在2008年经济崩溃之后,使用“更保守的标准”对商业支持证券的市场股份丢失了市场份额后,Duka实施了这一变化。bob200体育监管机构认为,DUKA开始以支持发行人的方式对证券进行评分,因此标准普尔可以带来更多的业务。bob200体育

同时,投资者继续相信评级是基于保守的。现在,委员会希望禁止Duka与评级组织联系。它还希望她支付经济罚款。

SEC去年在委员会和两名州检察长宣布他们已经与标准普尔达成7700万美元的和解协议的那一刻。监管机构的案件是在提起的花旗集团(C)and Goldman Sachs Group(GS) had to withdraw a $1.5B commercial mortgage-backed securities offering because S & P told them about an internal review of the securities ratings. Duka, meantime, sued the SEC, questioning whether it had the right to pursue cases in-house before its own judge instead of in court. Although a district court judge ruled that the SEC could not move forward with its case against Duka, a federal appeals court decided otherwise.

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Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) has just downgraded the general obligation rating of Puerto Rico from a rating of B to a rating of CCC +. The ratings agency said the downgrade was because the market access prospects for the U.S. territory have weakened even further and Puerto Rico’s ability to fulfill its financial commitments is becoming more and more linked to the economic and business conditions in the Commonwealth, which are not strong.

信贷评估者还将一般义务评级为“信用观察”负数,这意味着该评级可能会降低垃圾债券状态,并更接近违约。标准普尔(S&P)在波多黎各销售税融资公司的第一名和第二名销售税债券上也降低了其从B到CCC +的评级。波多黎各雇员退休系统和波多黎各市政财务局的债券也获得了降级,但前景负面看法。

标普说,除非波多黎各的条件变得更好,否则该领土将无法维持其财务承诺。评级机构表示,目前尚未就2016年预算的关键方面达成共识,这可能会使财政压力和流动性更加严重。在波多黎各政府发展银行给其州长的一封信中,除非政府开始税收改革并制定预算,否则人们对流动性问题存在担忧。标准普尔指出,如果预算延迟或有缺陷,则可能会进一步降级。

信用评级机构标准普尔将支付15亿美元,以解决许多诉讼,指控该公司将抵押证券的评级膨胀到2008年的经济危机之前。bob200体育作为交易的一部分,标准普尔的母公司麦格劳·希尔(McGraw Hill)将向美国司法部支付6.875亿美元,并在哥伦比亚地区和19个州的评级案件中支付6.875亿美元。

The U.S. sued the credit rater in 2013, asking for $5 billion and claiming that S & P had bilked investors. The company fought the claims, arguing that the First Amendment protected its ratings and contending that the mortgage ratings case was the government’s way of retaliating after S & P downgraded the United States’ own credit rating. As part of the settlement, the credit rating agency said it found no evidence that retaliation was a factor.

标普不承认违反任何法律。它指出,其使命是提供独立和客观的市场信息,并且由于商业关系而不允许员工影响分析师的意见。

根据华尔街日报,美国司法部一直与前莫迪投资者服务(MCO)主管会面,讨论信贷评级机构在2008年金融危机之前对复杂证券进行评级的方式。bob200体育消息人士称,调查仍处于早期阶段,目前尚不确定政府是否最终将对信用评估者提起债券案件。

司法部官员正试图找出该公司是否妥协了其标准以获得业务。政府的重点是在2004年至2007年之间进行的住宅抵押交易。

穆迪(Moody)和信用评级机构标准(Moody's and Credit Cration Agency)标准和穷人对交易进行了三重评级,因此即使是保守的投资者也购买了次级贷款支持的证券。bob200体育投资后来证明是高风险。当房屋市场失败时,债券损失损失了数十亿美元的投资者。

标准普尔已同意解决美国证券交易委员会的指控,指控信用评级机构在评级某些不当行为时犯有欺诈bob200体育性不当行为commercial mortgage-backed securities。As part of the settlement, S & P will pay close to $80 million—$58 million to resolve the regulator’s case, plus $12 million to settle a parallel case by the New York Attorney General’s Office, and $7 million to resolve the Massachusetts Attorney General’s case.

美国证券交易委员会(SEC)提出了三个命令,以针对信用评估者提出解决行政程序。一个订单处理了S&P涉及导管融合SMB评级方法的实践。该委员会表示,信用评级机构的公开披露歪曲了,当应用另一种方法用于对几个导管融合CMBS交易进行评估时,它正在采用一种方法,以及对两项交易进行初步评级。为了解决这些索赔,标准普尔将在一年内不会对Conduit Fusion Fusion CMBS进行评分。

The SEC’s second order said that after S & P was frozen out of the market for its conduit fusion ratings in 2011, the credit rating agency published a misleading and false article claiming to show that it’s overhauled credit ratings criteria enhancement levels could handle economic stress equal to “Great Depression-era levels.” The Commission said that S & P’s research was flawed, were made based on inappropriate assumptions, and the data used was decades off from the Depression’s serious losses. Without denying or admitting to the findings, S & P has consented to publicly retract the misleading and false data about the Depression era-related study and rectify inaccurate descriptions that were published about its criteria.

根据华尔街日报,标准普尔的评级服务即将到达bob200体育证券和解通过监管机构对房地产债券的分级方式进行评级。该协议将解决美国证券交易委员会,马萨诸塞州检察长玛莎·科克利(Martha Coakley)和bob200体育纽约检察长埃里克·施耐德曼(Eric Sc​​hneiderman)的要求。

拟议的交易是2011年信用评估者发行的六项商业房地产债券评级。当年7月,标准普尔撤回了由商业房地产贷款组成的15亿美元安全性的初步评级。该决定使发行人和投资者非常生气。(这笔交易后来部分进行了大修,并最终进入了市场。)

标准普尔发现了其评级方法对商业房地产交易的应用方式发现的差异。但是,它说不一致并不超出被认为是可接受的范围。尽管如此,调查人员仍被迫查看那个时期的撤回评级和其他交易。

虽然波多黎各的债务has been downgraded to “junk” status by the three major ratings agencies (Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch Ratings),OppenheimerFunds(OPY)在其两个市政债券基金中增加了波多黎各债务的持有,其风险较低。信贷评估者将美国联邦对其经济失败和资助资本市场缺陷的能力降低的担忧降级。

根据路透社,Lipper Inc.说,去年年底Oppenheimer Rochester短期市政基金(ORSCX)波多黎各债务的接触比一年前增加了13%,而中级市政基金将其曝光率翻了一番,达到17%。(从那时起,这两家资金的持股细节仍然不可用。)两者都限制了他们可以遏制多少垃圾评级债务的限制。但是,由于在购买后,美国领土的债务被降低了,因此属于大众金融集团的一部分的Oppenheimer可能没有义务卸载资产。

该公司继续支持Puerto Rico municipal bonds,,,,even as a lot of other mutual fund firms have lowered their exposure to Puerto Rico debt. This week, Oppenheimer downplayed the investment risk involved, noting that most bonds involved are insured (路透社报道说,中间基金中有27%的持股量,而短期基金中的股份却没有4%,没有保险)。

本周,标准普尔(标准普尔(S&P))削减了信用评级波多黎各对垃圾债务的一般义务债务由于担心无法进入资本市场而导致的状态。S&P已将美国领土的评级定为去年年底这样的降级。现在,信用评级机构宣布,正式发布该降级为“ BB” - 投资等级下的水平。

信用评级机构认为,加勒比岛在3.7万亿美元的市政债券市场中出售额外债务的能力有限,现金短缺可能发生。由于这种“流动性限制”,标准普尔并不认为有必要获得投资级评级。该机构还将其对波多黎各政府发展银行的评级也降低为BB。

波多黎各一直在一段时间以来,一段时间以来,美国三名信用评估者的评级降低了一段时间,部分原因是其700亿美元的免税债务。波多黎各的财政部长和政府发展银行回应垃圾状态降级,说,标准普尔的决定令人失望,但他们对美国领土有足够的流动性来满足此类需求,这是一个失望的决定。

波多黎各债券和瑞银波多黎各债券基金的投资者遭受的损失持续不断增加,降级到高风险,或“垃圾债券”地位只会使情况变得更糟。仅在2013年,波多黎各债券的投资者就会损失超过20%。但是,这些损失不包括许多投资者最终所承受的杠杆作用。许多投资者被出售了由瑞银创建的专有投资基金。这些资金借了额外的资金,以便能够购买更多的波多黎各债券。该策略增加了投资者可以产生的潜在收益,但也增加了潜在的损失。许多瑞银基金所获得的50%的资金投资者的损失接近40%。

这允许这些UBS资金看到over $1.6 billion。此外,这些损失没有考虑到这些资金以外购买波多黎各债券的投资者的损失,或者通过经纪人出售的额外杠杆贷款损失了额外的资金。

许多投资者被说服借更多的钱,要么通过保证金帐户,银行贷款或通过第二抵押贷款进行更大的投资,并成倍增加了风险。这些借来的货币层使一些投资者可以看到他们的整个帐户被消灭了。

The attorneys general of Washington, Arizona, South Carolina, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, Colorado, North Carolina, Delaware, Missouri, Idaho, Maine, Mississippi, Indiana, Tennessee, and Iowa want theirbob200体育证券案件反对标准普尔的评级服务及其母公司McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.送回了州法院。他们认为这些案件没有联邦管辖权。

AGS在纽约南部地区的美国地方法院提交了合并的简介。他们说,各州各自的投诉仅是州法律诉讼原因,信用评级机构不能使用平权辩护来整理联邦管辖权。

It was the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation that moved the 15 state securities lawsuits against Standard & Poor’s to New York’s federal court. Panel chairman Judge Kathryn Vratil, who presides over the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas, said that they had determined that the “actions involve common question of fact” and centralizing them would be more convenient and expedient for everyone involved. One common “question of fact” was over whether the credit rater “intentionally misrepresented” that its structured finance securities analysis was unbiased, autonomous, and not impacted by its business ties with securities issuers.

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